γ-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Antioxidant Capacity, and Growth of Waterlogged Maize Seedlings.
Identifieur interne : 000063 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000062; suivant : 000064γ-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Antioxidant Capacity, and Growth of Waterlogged Maize Seedlings.
Auteurs : Akram Salah [République populaire de Chine] ; Ming Zhan [République populaire de Chine] ; Cougui Cao [République populaire de Chine] ; Yuling Han [République populaire de Chine] ; Lin Ling [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhihui Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Ping Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Miao Ye [République populaire de Chine] ; Yang Jiang [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Acide gamma-amino-butyrique (métabolisme), Antioxydants (métabolisme), Chlorophylle (métabolisme), Chloroplastes (métabolisme), Chloroplastes (ultrastructure), Mitochondries (métabolisme), Peroxydation lipidique (MeSH), Photosynthèse (MeSH), Plant (métabolisme), Stress physiologique (MeSH), Zea mays (croissance et développement), Zea mays (métabolisme).
- MESH :
- croissance et développement : Zea mays.
- métabolisme : Acide gamma-amino-butyrique, Antioxydants, Chlorophylle, Chloroplastes, Mitochondries, Plant, Zea mays.
- ultrastructure : Chloroplastes, Peroxydation lipidique, Photosynthèse, Stress physiologique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Antioxidants (metabolism), Chlorophyll (metabolism), Chloroplasts (metabolism), Chloroplasts (ultrastructure), Lipid Peroxidation (MeSH), Mitochondria (metabolism), Photosynthesis (MeSH), Seedlings (metabolism), Stress, Physiological (MeSH), Zea mays (growth & development), Zea mays (metabolism), gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Antioxidants, Chlorophyll, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid.
- growth & development : Zea mays.
- metabolism : Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Seedlings, Zea mays.
- ultrastructure : Chloroplasts.
- Lipid Peroxidation, Photosynthesis, Stress, Physiological.
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a small signaling molecule that accumulates rapidly in plants exposed to various stresses; however, it has not been applied in regulating waterlogging tolerance in maize seedlings. Here, the effect of exogenous application of GABA in the determined optimal concentration was performed on seedlings of two maize cultivars under waterlogging treatments initiated at 3-leaf (V3) and 5-leaf stages (V5) in repeated experiments in 2016 and 2017. Chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the leaves were examined and compared with the corresponding values under normal soil water treatment (CK) and waterlogging treatment (WL). Compared with WL treatment, application of GABA significantly increased aboveground and root dry matter by 19.0% and 61.0%, promoted photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content by 19.8% and 36.0%, increased the number of grana per chloroplast by 36.0%, fortified antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT, GR, APX, VC) activities by 14.7-42.7%, and reduced the content of MDA, H2O2, and O2- by 30.5%, 32.5%, and 21.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). Collectively, GABA application was shown to promote the growth of maize seedlings under waterlogging, by down regulating ROIs-producing enzymes, activating antioxidant defense systems, and improving chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic traits.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36334-y
PubMed: 30679455
PubMed Central: PMC6345989
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yuling" sort="Han, Yuling" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yuling" last="Han">Yuling Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science 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China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhan, Ming" sort="Zhan, Ming" uniqKey="Zhan M" first="Ming" last="Zhan">Ming Zhan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. zhanming@mail.hzau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Cougui" sort="Cao, Cougui" uniqKey="Cao C" first="Cougui" last="Cao">Cougui Cao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yuling" sort="Han, Yuling" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yuling" last="Han">Yuling Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Lin" sort="Ling, Lin" uniqKey="Ling L" first="Lin" last="Ling">Lin Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Zhihui" sort="Liu, Zhihui" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhihui" last="Liu">Zhihui Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ping" sort="Li, Ping" uniqKey="Li P" first="Ping" last="Li">Ping Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Miao" sort="Ye, Miao" uniqKey="Ye M" first="Miao" last="Ye">Miao Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Yang" sort="Jiang, Yang" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Yang" last="Jiang">Yang Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>430070</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antioxidants (metabolism)</term><term>Chlorophyll (metabolism)</term><term>Chloroplasts (metabolism)</term><term>Chloroplasts (ultrastructure)</term><term>Lipid Peroxidation (MeSH)</term><term>Mitochondria (metabolism)</term><term>Photosynthesis (MeSH)</term><term>Seedlings (metabolism)</term><term>Stress, Physiological (MeSH)</term><term>Zea mays (growth & development)</term><term>Zea mays (metabolism)</term><term>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide gamma-amino-butyrique (métabolisme)</term><term>Antioxydants (métabolisme)</term><term>Chlorophylle (métabolisme)</term><term>Chloroplastes (métabolisme)</term><term>Chloroplastes (ultrastructure)</term><term>Mitochondries (métabolisme)</term><term>Peroxydation lipidique (MeSH)</term><term>Photosynthèse (MeSH)</term><term>Plant (métabolisme)</term><term>Stress physiologique (MeSH)</term><term>Zea mays (croissance et développement)</term><term>Zea mays (métabolisme)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Antioxidants</term><term>Chlorophyll</term><term>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Chloroplasts</term><term>Mitochondria</term><term>Seedlings</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide gamma-amino-butyrique</term><term>Antioxydants</term><term>Chlorophylle</term><term>Chloroplastes</term><term>Mitochondries</term><term>Plant</term><term>Zea mays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ultrastructure" xml:lang="en"><term>Chloroplasts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Lipid Peroxidation</term><term>Photosynthesis</term><term>Stress, Physiological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ultrastructure" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chloroplastes</term><term>Peroxydation lipidique</term><term>Photosynthèse</term><term>Stress physiologique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a small signaling molecule that accumulates rapidly in plants exposed to various stresses; however, it has not been applied in regulating waterlogging tolerance in maize seedlings. Here, the effect of exogenous application of GABA in the determined optimal concentration was performed on seedlings of two maize cultivars under waterlogging treatments initiated at 3-leaf (V3) and 5-leaf stages (V5) in repeated experiments in 2016 and 2017. Chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the leaves were examined and compared with the corresponding values under normal soil water treatment (CK) and waterlogging treatment (WL). Compared with WL treatment, application of GABA significantly increased aboveground and root dry matter by 19.0% and 61.0%, promoted photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content by 19.8% and 36.0%, increased the number of grana per chloroplast by 36.0%, fortified antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT, GR, APX, V<sub>C</sub>) activities by 14.7-42.7%, and reduced the content of MDA, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2,</sub> and O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> by 30.5%, 32.5%, and 21.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). Collectively, GABA application was shown to promote the growth of maize seedlings under waterlogging, by down regulating ROIs-producing enzymes, activating antioxidant defense systems, and improving chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic traits.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30679455</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>27</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>27</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2045-2322</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>24</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Scientific reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>γ-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Antioxidant Capacity, and Growth of Waterlogged Maize Seedlings.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>484</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41598-018-36334-y</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a small signaling molecule that accumulates rapidly in plants exposed to various stresses; however, it has not been applied in regulating waterlogging tolerance in maize seedlings. Here, the effect of exogenous application of GABA in the determined optimal concentration was performed on seedlings of two maize cultivars under waterlogging treatments initiated at 3-leaf (V3) and 5-leaf stages (V5) in repeated experiments in 2016 and 2017. Chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the leaves were examined and compared with the corresponding values under normal soil water treatment (CK) and waterlogging treatment (WL). Compared with WL treatment, application of GABA significantly increased aboveground and root dry matter by 19.0% and 61.0%, promoted photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content by 19.8% and 36.0%, increased the number of grana per chloroplast by 36.0%, fortified antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT, GR, APX, V<sub>C</sub>) activities by 14.7-42.7%, and reduced the content of MDA, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2,</sub> and O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> by 30.5%, 32.5%, and 21.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). Collectively, GABA application was shown to promote the growth of maize seedlings under waterlogging, by down regulating ROIs-producing enzymes, activating antioxidant defense systems, and improving chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic traits.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salah</LastName><ForeName>Akram</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhan</LastName><ForeName>Ming</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. zhanming@mail.hzau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cao</LastName><ForeName>Cougui</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Yuling</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ling</LastName><ForeName>Lin</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Zhihui</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Ping</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ye</LastName><ForeName>Miao</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jiang</LastName><ForeName>Yang</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101563288</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2045-2322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000975">Antioxidants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>1406-65-1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002734">Chlorophyll</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>56-12-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005680">gamma-Aminobutyric Acid</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000975" MajorTopicYN="N">Antioxidants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002734" MajorTopicYN="N">Chlorophyll</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" 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last="Salah">Akram Salah</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cao, Cougui" sort="Cao, Cougui" uniqKey="Cao C" first="Cougui" last="Cao">Cougui Cao</name><name sortKey="Han, Yuling" sort="Han, Yuling" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yuling" last="Han">Yuling Han</name><name sortKey="Jiang, Yang" sort="Jiang, Yang" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Yang" last="Jiang">Yang Jiang</name><name sortKey="Li, Ping" sort="Li, Ping" uniqKey="Li P" first="Ping" last="Li">Ping Li</name><name sortKey="Ling, Lin" sort="Ling, Lin" uniqKey="Ling L" first="Lin" last="Ling">Lin Ling</name><name sortKey="Liu, Zhihui" sort="Liu, Zhihui" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhihui" last="Liu">Zhihui Liu</name><name sortKey="Ye, Miao" sort="Ye, Miao" uniqKey="Ye M" first="Miao" last="Ye">Miao Ye</name><name sortKey="Zhan, Ming" sort="Zhan, Ming" uniqKey="Zhan M" first="Ming" last="Zhan">Ming Zhan</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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